For three centuries the Muslim Mughal rulers had exercised a benign and tolerant rule, allowing all faiths to continue, but the rule of 'Aurangzeyb changed this. They called for a target to reduce the percentage to 2%. He and Clive got on well together in spite of their different temperaments, helped by Hasting's command of the local languages (and perhaps by the common bond of circumcision). The "Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies" obtained a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth the 1st in 1600 to trade into India and the East Indies. It is a complex situation involving jealously guarded cultural, religious and linguistic differences that have, over many centuries, given rise to various armed conflicts, insurgencies and political assassinations.A cynic might say that the term United is wishful thinking rather than a statement of fact. Before the age of 10, 45% of procedures are done. OV5>v;x#u3E7/.aT@{XxpfO [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15], In 2016, the global prevalence of circumcision was estimated to be around 38%, with notable increases of circumcision prevalence seen in the United States, the Middle East; and Africa; major medical organizations have promoted a higher rate of circumcision in Africa as a preventive against the spread of HIV/AIDS. Fetus and Newborn Committee, Canadian Paediatric Society", "Parents' rationale for male circumcision", "Determinants and policy implications of male circumcision in the United States", "Circumcision rates in the United States: rising or falling? You'll usually either have ageneral anaesthetic, which means you'll be unconscious throughout the procedure, or alocal anaesthetic injection, which will numb your penis and the surrounding area. Free delivery for many products. [2]). The foreskin is removed just behind the head of the penis using a scalpel or surgical scissors. Because circumcision started through contact with the American military during the Korean War, South Korea has an unusual history of circumcision." His deaths come from official records, where the category is "circumcision or phimosis" - so it also includes those who died from not being circumcised. Both were totally exonerated though in Hasting's case it took 8 years. [13][28], Less than 20% of the population are circumcised in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Lucia, The Bahamas, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela. At the age of 18 he joined the British East India company, like Clive, as a cadet clerk. While it has overwhelming prevalence in the Muslim world and in Israel due to the religious beliefs of most Muslims and Jews; however, some non-Muslim groups living within Muslim-majority countries, such as Armenians and Assyrians, do not practice it. These include Israel, the Philippines, Algeria, Bangladesh, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Samoa, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Nauru, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan (see full data set in table at page bottom). Health Authorities currently spend between 50,000 and 150,000 annually on circumcision, according to conservative estimates. 0000008582 00000 n In contrast, rates are much lower in most of Europe, parts of southern Africa, most of Asia, Oceania and Latin America, constituting South America, Central America, the Caribbean and Mexico. That isn't an argument against prophylactic curcumcision, though. The data below show the percentile ranges for the four most common justifications for performing circumcision, broken down by diagnosis: Phimosis (44% to 91%): The number of boys in England as a whole who are currently circumcised for phimosis, at 3.3/1000 per year, consequently exceeds by more than eight times that expected from the present estimate of the incidence of pathological phimosis, according to an article published in the British Journal of Urology International (1999, 84,101-102). Also, the demographic born between 1967 and 1976, which then showed a 12.5% circumcision rate, now shows 18.4%, so many of that cohort have since got circumcised. The change has the potential to bring about local promotion of circumcision as a medical prophylaxis issue if Councils can be persuaded of the benefits. if you saved 500, you'd get around 17.75 in interest. That is the background. BXO (Balanitis xerotica obliterans) (1% 16%): several health authorities claimed 0%. Here things were happy until the death of the moderate ruler Nawab Alivardi Khan in 1756. However both had made enemies and after they returned to England both were called to account before the House of Lords. If a cadet could not "strip his yard" the surgeon was ordered to "clip ye Skin entire". Apart from black Caribbeans, men born overseas were more likely to be circumcised. Among participants of the HELIUS study, recruited between 2011 and 2015 (age 18-70), the circumcision rate for Dutch men without a migration background was 9%. Each tax year you can pay in up to your annual tax-free allowance (subject to the terms and conditions of your account), which is 20,000 in the 2023 - 2024 tax year. Patients aged 0 to 6 receive 30% of all full or partial circumcision procedures. The monopoly of the 'old' or 'London' company was challenged and in 1694 Parliament revoked the monopoly and the 'new' or 'English' company (the English Company Trading to the East Indies) set up in opposition. He was a mean-spirited (and possibly dim-witted) zealot who attempted to convert all India to Islam. This means you'll be admitted to hospital on the same day you have surgery and won't have to stay overnight. The second is the National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS), which does not record circumcisions performed outside the hospital setting or those performed at any age following discharge from the birth hospitalization. Of particular relevance has been the transfer of Public Health issues (such as stop-smoking campaigns) from the NHS to Local Authorities. [85], The Australian Longitudinal Study of Health and Relationships is a computer assisted telephone interview of males aged 1664 that uses a nationally representative population sample. 0000004780 00000 n Feedback from our readers would be much appreciated on this - contact us if you have any information. One female critic described his book as a "phallocentric view of history". The combination of Gairdner's very influential paper and salaried NHS doctors who didn't earn anything from the operation meant that in practice, post 1950, parents didn't find it easy to get prophylactic circumcision, and rates declined. 0000050935 00000 n Circumcision is the surgical removal of the foreskin. (Two of the members of the council which enacted this rule were themselves circumcised). [69], The circumcision rate in Bulgaria is estimated to be 13.4%. Audits determine if a Health Authoritys practices adhere to the most recent rules or regulations. He studied the development of the foreskin and reported that it was not normally retractable until around age 3, so that no diagnosis of phimosis could be made until that age. There he was duly examined by the Company's medical officer, Dr John Rae, who has left a comprehensive Journal of his time in India*. 0000033645 00000 n [37] Rates varied markedly across the country, from close to zero in Newfoundland and Labrador to 44.3% in Alberta. Woodthorpe Hospital, located in Woodthorpe, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom offers patients Circumcision procedures among its total of 16 available procedures, across 3 different specialties. Circumcision is more usual in certain cultural or religious communities. Recovery. Woodthorpe Hospital. The incidence of circumcision in Australia was very high until 1971 when it started a steep decline. Short-term recovery. He neglects the obvious point that the journals (which are quite racy) would obviously have been published under a pseudonym. But it's unclear whether circumcision can help prevent other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It's safer to have the procedure carried out by a trained practitioner within a clinic where sterile procedures are followed. Hospitals, 2011. (Yet, curiously, he accepts other anonymous and pseudonymous accounts as gospel even when they were clearly written purely for titillation). Phimosis is where the foreskin is too tight to be pulled back over the head of the penis (glans). . It is also . The British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) has produced a leaflet that outlines thecircumcision procedure in more detail. Mild cases of phimosis can be treated with topical steroids to help soften the skin and make it easier for the foreskin to retract. Virgin Money 4.11 per cent for one year . The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the consideration of circumcision as part of a comprehensive HIV prevention program in areas with high rates of HIV, such as the countries of sub-Saharan Africa. Despite the several men constantly commenting that their botched circumcision has caused them to obsess over the measurements of their penis size, it doesnt seem to have an impact on the general population. In the US and Australia, with true neonatal circumcisions, general anaesthesia was never used. The rate of circumcision has dropped rapidly over the years. [82], Kosovo, Azerbaijan and Turkey, 98.6%. Political Geography of the UK (with special reference to healthcare issues). Circumcision and Britains colonial history. It seems unlikely that there is any racial difference within the melting pot of modern Europe, so the difference must be cultural. The table below shows the breakdown by age. A total of 264 circumcisions were performed in the year 2001-2002, representing 1.9% of boys aged 0-13 years. 66% of males born in Australia were circumcised and less than 1/3 of males under 30 were circumcised. Whilst the NHS in a small number of areas offers a circumcision service to meet demand from the Moslem population, anecdotal reports suggest that non-Muslim parents seeking circumcision for their sons are often turned away. At 17, his despairing family sent him off to enrol with the East India Company as a cadet 'writer' (clerk). This condition causes phimosis and, in some cases, also affects the head of the penis, which can become scarred and inflamed. You'll probably be advised to take at least 1 week off work to recover. In Slovenia, a 19992001 national probability sample of the general population aged 1849 years found that overall, 4.5% of Slovenian male citizens reported being circumcised. One factor in this takeover was a collapse in the Mughal Empire. H\@F. trailer <<798BA04CE591414FB20F00E71C23DBAF>]/Prev 304222>> startxref 0 %%EOF 344 0 obj <>stream Next review due: 21 September 2025, surgery to remove the cancerous cells, and sometimes the surrounding tissue, permanent reduction in sensation in the head of the penis, particularly during sex, the need to remove stitches that haven't dissolved, occasionally, another operation is needed to remove some more skin from around the head of the penis. 0000033282 00000 n [75], Belgium,[76][77] Albania, Kosovo, North Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. HCUP Statistical Brief No. Much later (1772) Hastings was to take this position and in 1774 he became the first Governor General of India. Even at ministerial level, there is no single point of contact applicable to the whole of the UK in respect of health issues.Reorganisation of the structure of the NHS in England (only) introduced major administrative changes on/from 1st April 2013. 0000003858 00000 n Discrepancy between regional UK circumcision rates suggest a significant number of . Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, preventive against the spread of HIV/AIDS, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, "Circumcision in Australia: further evidence on its effects on sexual health and wellbeing", "Extraordinarily high rates of male circumcision in South Korea: history and underlying causes", "Prevalence of Circumcision Among Men and Boys Aged 14 to 59 Years in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 20052010", "Examining the association between male circumcision and sexual function", "Neonatal and child male circumcision: a global review", "Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision", "Circumcision Rates in the United States: Rising or Falling? Overview of international circumcision rates. [6], Rates vary widely, from over 90% in Israel and many Muslim-majority countries, 86.3% in South Korea, to 80% in the United States, to 58% in Australia, to 45% in South Africa, to 20.7% in the United Kingdom, to under 1% in Japan and Honduras. But it's your responsibility to ensure you're fit to drive after having surgery. [57], The overall prevalence of circumcision in Cambodia is reported to be 3.5%. Perhaps the loudest argument against circumcision is that many believe it's medically unnecessary and a form of genital mutilation without a person's consent. 308 0 obj <> endobj xref 12 countries (listed above) tallied circumcision rates higher than 99%, while more than fifty additional countries posted rates of less than 99% but still above 90%. [13], A sample of children aged < 12 found a circumcision rate of 3.4% (1982). Our Comments The numbers truly speak for themselves, it's no wonder that so many men are using online resources to seek information. Recovery from an adult circumcision may take up to 6 weeks. He knew that ~450,000 boys were born in each year of his study (1942-1947) but there were no records of the number of circumcisions. British close-fitting breeches were too stimulating, so he adopted Mughal loose trousers. Most of the men circumcised in the UK are either Muslim or Jewish, as circumcision is regarded as an important part of their religions. The fragmented nature of the NHS statistical record-keeping system makes it difficult to obtain national data about rates of hospital circumcision. He continued to masturbate, which, as Dr. Rae ruefully stated, "Circumcision is alleged to cure". The sickness absence rate - the percentage of working hours lost because of sickness or injury rose to 2.6% in 2022, an increase of 0.4 percentage points from 2021 and the highest it has been since 2004, when it was 2.7%. Close Brother 4.7 per cent for one year. 0000004275 00000 n [66] The researchers stated that too many boys, especially under the age of 5, were still being circumcised because of a misdiagnosis of phimosis. 0000006202 00000 n :sH3_s1Lbv-:~d!k)+Zb From tax year 2024 to 2025, the basic rates of tax will be . It is estimated that roughly 80 percent of males 35 and under are not circumcised. In 1686 strife broke out betweem the EIC and Emperor 'Aurangzeyb over the extortionate jizeh (uncircumcision) tax imposed on infidels. [40] The rate continued to drop, with the newborn circumcision rate in Ontario in 199495 dropping to 29.9%. There he met, and married, Mary Buchanan whose husband had died in Calcutta. So this is the best snapshot we have of the status of circumcision in the UK today. Read more about the different types of anaesthesia. If you paid 100 over a year, you'd accrue roughly 3.55 in interest. [34] A recent (2020) HIV study conducted in Mexico City found a participant circumcision rate of 23% (255 / 1118). The routine circumcision of male infants and children has been practised across the globe for centuries. This is a normal reaction to the operation. Fast forward 10 years and Mc Carthy, Douglas and Mogford looked at 2,428 boys born in the first week of March, 1946, and found that 24% had been circumcised. [13], It is estimated that the circumcision rate for men aged 2040 is between 10 and 15%. Salitza Richard, 31, from Dallas, Texas, was worried about the health of her youngest son because of how fast he grew after he was born. Sometimes more skin was left, so that the glans was partially covered before puberty, though it always emerged as the boy grew up. You don't need to tell the DVLA if you have had a routine circumcision and don't have any other medical conditions that affect your ability to drive. 0000016320 00000 n It is estimated that the overall rate of circumcision in the United States is approximately 80.5%. The third benefit of being circumcised in that environment was that being captured by Mughal rebels usually resulted in forcible circumcision of anyone who still had a foreskin. 0000004743 00000 n But in the short term Clive, even when healed, found the sensitivity of his glans, newly exposed after 18 years, hard to take. [24] However, the rate varies widely between different regions, and among ethnic and religious groups, with Muslim North Africans practising it for religious reasons, central Africans as part of ethnic rituals or local custom, and some traditionally non-circumcising populations in the South recently adopting the practice due to measures by the World Health Organisation to prevent AIDS. Some parents may choose to have their baby boy circumcised privately for religious and cultural reasons. It's estimated that approximately 20% of males in the UK are circumcised. [8] In 2012, it is the case of 75.8% of the same age group. [63] An online survey of 110,964 German youth (aged 12) found a circumcision rate of 18.8% (as of March 2023). Hospital Episode Statistics Overall, this signifies a 66% decrease in the number of circumcisions performed in the ten year period. Prior to the introduction of the National Health Service after World War 2 (ie the late 1940s) people had to pay for all their medical needs including the birth of a baby and circumcision of a boy, if required. It is most common among Muslims and Jews, as it is part of religious law in Judaism and is an established practice in Islam. Through the long tradition of the Moors and Sephardic Jews[13]. (This was actually an advantage when he had to escape a besieged Fort St George disguised as a Muslim). Pfuntner A., Wier L.M., Stocks C. Most Frequent Procedures Performed in U.S. Then, in 1949, Douglas Gairdner [1] wrote a paper in the British Medical Journal attacking routine circumcision. You'll probably be advised to take at least 1 week off work to recover. [86] In 2005 the interview found that the prevalence of circumcision in Australia was roughly 58%. We independently review everything we recommend. Only one of his study years was truly post-war, and in that year the death rate plummeted. But the newly-created NHS ruled that circumcision was not medically. In men,circumcision is most commonly carried out when the foreskin is tight and won't pull back(retract), which is known as phimosis. This was partly because they could afford it, partly because they were more educated and hence knew better of the benefits and partly because of peer pressure. For the fifth consecutive year, the number of live births in 2020 for England and Wales decreased to 613,936, the lowest since 2002. [73] Note that this figure is an estimate and fully representative only for students of the university where the survey took place. The 3 main treatment options for penile cancer are: If you're considering circumcision for a medical reason,it's worth discussing alternative treatment options with your GP or specialist. The recent referendum on the subject of full independence for Scotland didn't go for independence, but this probably isn't the end of the story. "Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision", Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision - National Center for Biotechnology Information, Erratum to: Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision - National Center for Biotechnology Information, Trends in Circumcision for Male Newborns in U.S. [13][28], It is estimated that 48.7% of males are circumcised in South Africa. In some cases, circumcision may be implemented as a treatment option for chronic urinary tract infections (UTIs) and other medical conditions. Most non-medical circumcisions are carried out on children. Controversy over circumcision In 1612, the "London Company" obtained a trade agreement with the Mughal Emperor Nuruddin Salim Jahangir (r. 1605-1627) that gave the company exclusive rights to reside and establish factories in Surat and other areas. hUkPWylAb14%:P$41CDLGDPD "By God, had I known I was come out here to be clipped, I'd have forsworn pork and procured me a skullcap!" [54] A survey on men who regularly visit female sex workers from 2012 found a circumcision rate of 28%. Only One of the Property Brothers Is Circumcised?! 0000005387 00000 n %PDF-1.7 % The large sample size and the standard of the fieldwork probably make this the most reliable guide to the countrys circumcision rates at that time. [91] In a study of men born in 19721973 in Dunedin, 40.2% were circumcised. [48] Methodologically flawed calculations throughout the 2000s and 2010s showed the rate decreasing off of these statistics, but this data is believed to be misleading due to an increasing trend of performing neonatal circumcisions outside of hospitals, a trend not reflected in hospital discharge data. In spite of this, Clive, the consummate politician, subsequently used his circumcised status to great advantage in his dealing with the Mughals, and later stated "I am proud to bear this mark of an empire which we may one day rule ourselves". Balanoposthitis (1%12%): Infections include both balanitis and posthitis. Circumcision is usually carried out on a day patient basis. Circumcision is a relatively simple procedure. 88% of men cut as an adult would/have circumcised their son (s) 65% of men cut as a baby 64% of men cut as a teenager 60% of men cut as a child Are you happy about being circumcised? Circumcision rates have declined significantly in the last decade or so, and actual rates might be lower than those presented in this article. 0000041775 00000 n Unlike Clive, his ambition did not involve belligerence, and he rose up by virtue of hard work. Also, he said that most deaths that had come to his attention were attributable to anaesthesia. Here are the 10 states with the highest rates of circumcision: West Virginia - 87% Michigan - 86% Kentucky - 85% Nebraska - 84% Ohio - 84% Indiana - 83% Iowa - 82% Wisconsin - 82% South Carolina - 81% These figures are very rubbery, however. [59] At the time, the authors commented that "South Korea has possibly the largest absolute number of teenage or adult circumcisions anywhere in the world. The Republic of Ireland, also called ire or Poblacht na hireann in Irish Gaelic;The Isle of Man, also called Ellan Vannin in the Manx language;The Channel Islands, also called les de la Manche in the local dialect of French It usually takes at least 10 days for your penis to heal after circumcision. The article had an influential impact on medical practice and public opinion. "Black" is also not terribly useful since the UK has many immigrants from the West Indies who would probably identify as "black" and not be distinguished from Africans. [27], According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) the overall circumcision rate in India is 16%. Circumcision in the United States According to a CDC study, male circumcision rates in the United States for newborns decreased between 1979 and 2010 from 64.5% to 58.3%. Both Clive and Hastings became extremely wealthy, and were showered with honours. [80] In the years 201718 the circumcision rate in Albania had declined to 36.8%. Circumcision reduced the risk of infection, whether from the steamy tropical climate or from sexual encounters. 0000049833 00000 n All types of sex were freely available and naturally teenage cadets were going to take advantage of this. Circumcision may be carried out for a number of reasons. The East India Company effectively ceased to exist after the British government took over the rule of India in 1858. Antibiotics can be used as a conservative treatment for recurring infections. 0000051904 00000 n In the year 1991-1992, circumcisions were performed in eleven hospitals throughout Northern Ireland. We found 15.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 14.7 to 17.1) of British men aged 16-44 years reported being circumcised in Natsal 2000. -v7 eoEiRZe :|KBu56\ 4lcdqX`%]]f,bWm 0 1 endstream endobj 309 0 obj <>>> endobj 310 0 obj <> endobj 311 0 obj >/PageWidthList<0 595.276>>>>>>/Resources<>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/Properties<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Tabs/W/Thumb 263 0 R/Trans<>/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 595.276 841.89]/Type/Page>> endobj 312 0 obj [313 0 R 314 0 R] endobj 313 0 obj <>/Border[0 0 0]/H/N/Rect[462.882 91.2913 509.401 44.7717]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> endobj 314 0 obj <>/Border[0 0 0]/H/N/Rect[462.882 809.874 562.063 771.858]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> endobj 315 0 obj <> endobj 316 0 obj <> endobj 317 0 obj [/ICCBased 329 0 R] endobj 318 0 obj <>stream So what is the relevance of all this to circumcision? You should be able to go home the same day. This corresponds to a cumulative national circumcision rate of around 1.6% by the age of 15 years. Warren Hastings and his second wife Maria, in later and happier times. The foreskin is the retractable fold of skin that covers the end of the penis. 0000015591 00000 n He also claimed that about 16 boys a year were dying from circumcision under age 5 (12 under age 1). This can sometimes cause pain when the penis is erect and, in rare cases, passing urine may be difficult. He was found to have a severe phimosis, and was therefore circumcised, despite his protests. [14] Wolters Kluwer estimated that closer to 80% of males in 2021 were circumcised. The rate of price increases in the UK is tipped to stay above the Bank's two per cent target until 2024, according to PwC. Some of the world's major medical organizations argue that elective circumcision has health benefits which outweigh the minimal risks associated with the procedure. They retook Calcutta, and their victory in the Battle of Plassey led to Clive becoming ruler of India. According to the 2011 census, Muslims accounted for 4.8%. The prevalence of NTMC in the UK is unknown. Test results either support or contradict the initial diagnosis. 1 Endlebury Rd, London E4 6PX, UK Osmond reported on 1,095 men he had examined [6]. Many people say that the procedure helps reduce the risk of sexually transmitted. 0000051280 00000 n At the time the rumour was that his mother, Her Royal Highness the Princess of Wales, was strongly opposed to circumcision and that, despite the objections of both the Queen and the Queen Mother, both Prince William and his younger brother Prince Harry remained intact as children. There's evidence from several trials carried out in Africa that circumcised men have a lower risk of acquiring HIV. "[58], Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh,[13] Bahrain, Brunei, Iran, Iraq, Israel,[60] Pakistan,[13] Jordan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, the Philippines,[32] Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, United Arab Emirates and Yemen. His voyage out, in the days of sail, was eventful, including running aground in Brazil, and it was nine months later that he arrived at Fort St George, near what was to become Madras (now Chennai). Chartham also reported on a smaller survey of his own. Kasimbazar surrendered, and Hastings was taken prisoner and forcibly circumcised. Of the respondents 5% were circumcised for medical or other reasons, while 2% were circumcised for religious or traditional reasons. Although circumcision of babies and children is common in many cultures, opponents of the act have raised ethical and legal questions regarding its lack of informed consent and an arguable violation of human rights. [29], Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Congo (Dem Rep), Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Togo. He apparently got one Chuleel (presumably an Indian manservant) to fellate him regularly. Circumcision status was more common with males over 30 than males under 30, and more common with males who were born in Australia. Even the Property Brothers are circumcised differently. 0000000016 00000 n This rate increased to 19.6% for men aged 40-44 (Dave 2003). If you had general anaesthetic or sedation, for the . [37][42], A more recent survey conducted in 2011 on expecting couples in Saskatchewan (average age 30.3) found the circumcision rate of the male participants to be 61%. [64] Rickwood et al. Back in the 18th century John Cleland, in his erotic novel Fanny Hill, describes the hero's penis as "half-capt" when flaccid after his first intercourse with Fanny (who had, rather improbably, remained a virgin up to that point). For example, Yukon reported a rate of 74.8 percent, while Newfoundland reported an incidence of 1.9 to 2.4 percent.

1919 World Series Dummy Dropped From Plane, Car Shipping Calculator No Personal Information, Jobs That Don't Require Vaccine Nyc, Suburbs To Avoid In Launceston, Hull Times Obituaries, Articles U